# The scale of the risk of cardiovascular disease score #
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## Percentage of increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases ##
Percentage of increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases: analysis of current Trends and risk factors
In the last few decades, a disturbing increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (HKK), it shows the world that is clearly visible. This contribution analyzes the percentage increase in the HKK‑incidence, identify key drivers, and discusses possible interventions.
Epidemiological data and Trends
According to statistics from the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the world health organization (WHO) is the percentage of increase in the incidence of HKK in Germany in the last 20 years, approximately 15-20%. Particularly striking is the development in the following disease groups:
Coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to an increase of about 18%;
Strokes: increase of approximately 12%;
Hypertension: increase of approximately 25%;
Heart failure: increase of approximately 22%.
When considering age groups, the percentage increase in persons over 65 years at the highest, but also in younger adults (35-50 years), an increase of about 8-10%.
The main reasons for the increase in
The increase can be attributed to several interacting factors:
Demographic change: ageing of the population leads to a higher prevalence of risk factors and chronic diseases.
Lifestyle factors:
Increasing obesity (increase in BMI in the population by an average of 1.5 kg/m
2
in 20 years);
Lack of physical activity (approximately 40% of adults do not achieve the minimum recommended amount of physical activity);
Unhealthy diet (high uric acid and salt content in ready-made meals);
Continued Smoking (about 23% of the population smoke regularly).
Socio-economic factors: people with a lower socio-economic Status have an average of 30-40% higher incidence of HKK.
Improved diagnosis: A partially higher incidence can also be improved recognition rate due to the.
Regional Differences
There are significant regional differences in the percentage increase are:
In rural regions of Eastern Germany, the increase amounts to an average of 22%, which is higher than in urban areas of Western Germany (16%).
These differences are on different health care, life styles and socio-led economic conditions.
Forecast and conclusions
On the Basis of the current Trends in epidemiological models predict a further increase in the incidence of HKK about 25-35% in the next 20 years if no effective action is taken.
To slow the rise in the percentage, the following measures are urgently needed:
Prevention programmes for the promotion of healthy lifestyle (diet, exercise);
Awareness campaigns against Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption;
Improving access to healthcare in disadvantaged regions;
Policy measures to reduce risk factors (e.g. salt reduction in foods).
The reduction of the percentage increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases requires an integrated approach that includes both changes in individual behavior as well as structural improvements to the health systems.
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A sedentary lifestyle, alcohol, and cigarette consumption increase body weight which in turn hinders healthy blood circulation and strength of arteries and veins. This results in high blood pressure. So, if you’re overweight, you need to monitor your blood pressure frequently.
> Madalas nagtatanong ang mga tao sa mga botika tungkol sa mga gamot laban sa presyon ng bagong henerasyon na walang side effects. Pero sa totoong buhay, hindi ito nangyayari. Lahat ng epektibong gamot ay may kanya-kanyang side effects. Kailangan mong maglaan ng maraming oras kasama ang iyong doktor para piliin ang tamang grupo ng gamot laban sa high blood pressure para sa'yo.
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The scale of the risk of cardiovascular disease: The SCORE approach
The assessment of individual risk for cardiovascular events is a Central aspect of the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To this end, the SCORE developed scale (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation) — a globally recognized and validated algorithm to estimate the 10‑year risk of a fatal cardiovascular event.
Basics and development
The SCORE scale is based on data from large-scale epidemiological studies conducted in several European countries. Overall, the cohorts were analyzed, with more than 200 000 participants, the main risk factors for cardiovascular identify diseases and to quantify their collective risk profile. The development of the scale was carried out, taking into account regional differences: There are separate models exist for high-risk and low-risk regions of Europe.
Parameters of the SCORE calculation
For the risk calculation, the following five independent risk factors be used:
Age (Years, 35-70);
Gender (male or female);
Total cholesterol (mmol/l or mg/dl);
** systolic blood pressure** (mmHg);
Smoking (active Smoking Yes/no).
Each of these parameters contributes in varying degrees to the overall risk. Thus, an increased systolic blood pressure or elevated cholesterol, for example, the level of a significant increase in Risk.
Interpretation of the results
The result of the SCORE analysis is specified as a percentage of 10‑year risk:
very low risk: <1%;
low risk: ≥1%, but <5%;
medium risk: ≥5%, but <10%;
high risk: ≥10%.
A Patient with a SCORE of 5% has heirs, therefore, a 5% probability of death within the next 10 years, the effects of a cardiovascular disease, if no preventive measures are taken.
Clinical application and limitations
The SCORE scale is primarily used in the primary prevention-that is, the identification of individuals without known cardiovascular disease, however, have an increased risk of h. It helps Physicians to develop individualized prevention strategies — for example, by recommendations for lifestyle change or the initiation of any drug therapy (e.g., lipid-lowering, antihypertensive drugs).
Despite its usefulness, the scale also has limitations:
They do not take into account all risk factors (e.g., family history of Diabetes mellitus, Obesity).
The division into high - and low-risk regions can be styles in times of changing life and risk distributions to be out of date.
The scale is for people under the age of 40 and 70 years, only a limited model.
Conclusion
The SCORE scale is a valuable tool for the objective assessment of the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Their width of validation, simplicity of application and the ability to modify risk factors, make it a cornerstone of cardiovascular prevention in European medicine. A critical Interpretation of the results, taking into account individual characteristics, however, remain necessary.
## Cardiovascular disease who ##
Cardiovascular diseases: the role of The world health organization (WHO)
Cardiovascular diseases (HKK) is worldwide the leading cause of death and are associated with significant socio-economic costs. According to the latest data from the world health organization (WHO) die each year, approximately 17.9 million people to the consequences of cardiovascular disease, nearly 32 % of all deaths worldwide. More than 75% in low - and middle-developed countries.
Definition and main forms
Heart disease refers to a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. Among the most important forms:
Coronary heart disease (CHD),
Stroke (Apoplexy),
Heart failure,
arrhythmic heart disease,
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension),
peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
Risk factors according to the WHO Definition
The WHO has identified a number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors:
Modifiable Factors:
unhealthy diet (high in salt, sugar and fat content),
lack of physical activity,
Tobacco,
excessive consumption of alcohol,
Overweight and obesity,
increased blood pressure,
elevated blood fat levels (dyslipidemia),
increased blood sugar level (Diabetes mellitus).
Non-modifiable factors:
Age
Gender (men are up to 50. Age at greater risk),
family history.
Strategies of the WHO for the prevention
The WHO has developed a number of global initiatives for the reduction of cardiovascular diseases. The Central objective of the Global non-communicable diseases action plan 2025 is to reduce premature deaths from non-communicable diseases (including HKK) to 25%.
These include measures such as:
Introduction of salt-reduction programmes,
Ban on industrially produced trans-fatty acids,
Increased taxes on sugary drinks and tobacco,
The promotion of physical activity in cities and schools,
Building health systems for early detection and treatment of hypertension and Diabetes.
Conclusion
Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the biggest health challenges of the present. The WHO plays a Central role in the coordination of international efforts to combat these diseases. Through evidence-based prevention strategies, global agreements and the support of health systems in developing countries, the burden of heart and circulatory diseases in the world are sustainably reduced.
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## Prick for a year and a half against high blood pressure ##
Once stitch instead of daily pills: New hope for high blood pressure
High blood pressure, known medically as hypertension referred to, affects millions of people worldwide and also in Germany, more than 20 million adults, according to the estimates of the people Affected. Often, the disease must be treated for life with drugs, Many patients must take daily pills to keep the blood pressure in the healthy range. But what if there was an Alternative — a single Prick, the effect for half a year?
Exact solutions of researchers working in different Parts of the world. The goal: to get a vaccine or an injection, which brings the body to keep high blood pressure over a period of months independently under control. The idea sounds revolutionary, but the scientific basis for this are already in place.
How does the new method?
Dieuige approaches based on the inhibition of certain proteins in the body that are important for the increase in blood pressure is responsible. A single injection could put anti-body, blocking these proteins in a targeted manner. As a result, the blood pressure remains stable over a period of up to six months.
In clinical trials such vaccines have already shown initial promising results: For participants of the systolic blood pressure dropped by an average of 10-20 mmHg, which corresponds to an effect of conventional blood pressure core.
Advantages at a glance
What makes this method so attractive?
Simplicity: Instead of a day, taking pills think of a single visit to the doctor every six months.
Compliance: older patients or people with multiple pre-existing conditions occasionally forget taking the medication. A half-year effect significantly reduces this risk.
Long-term effect: The injection acts continuously and can ensure a stable blood pressure for months.
Potentially less side effects: Since the active ingredient is used in a targeted, could be unwanted effects to be lower than in the case of systemically-acting tablets.
Challenges and open questions
Despite the promising results to overcome obstacles:
The long-term effect and safety need to be investigated in larger studies.
The exact mechanism of the immune response needs to be better understood to adverse reactions, exclude.
The cost and accessibility of such treatment have not yet been determined for a wide application, the financial viability would be crucial.
Outlook: A paradigm shift in the treatment?
If the current research results are confirmed in further studies, could usher in the half-year injection is actually a paradigm shift in the hypertension treatment. Instead of a daily Medication, regular, minimally invasive treatment would be a relief for many patients and a step towards a patient-friendly medical.
Until such treatment is generally available, it will take probably a few more years. However, the current progress, give hope to The Prick for half a year could soon be no longer Science Fiction, but a reality.
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